Computer Science (C++, OOP & DSA)

History of C++ & Bjarne Stroustrup C++ vs C Features of C++ Structure of a C++ Program Compilation & Execution Process Tokens (Keywords, Identifiers, Literals, Operators, Separators) Namespaces (using namespace std) Input/Output (cin, cout) Preprocessor Directives (#include, #define) Comments in C++ Header Files Type Modifiers (short, long, signed, unsigned)

Fundamental Data Types (int, float, double, char, bool, void) User-Defined Data Types (struct, union, enum) Variable Declaration & Initialization Scope of Variables Constants (const, #define) Arithmetic Operators Relational Operators Logical Operators Bitwise Operators Assignment Operators Increment & Decrement Operators Conditional (Ternary) Operator sizeof Operator Type Conversion (Implicit & Explicit Cast) Operator Precedence & Associativity

Sequential Execution if Statement if-else Statement Nested if-else if-else-if Ladder switch-case Statement for Loop while Loop do-while Loop Nested Loops break Statement continue Statement goto Statement (Discouraged) Loop Applications (Patterns, Sum Series, Prime, Factorial)

One-Dimensional Array Declaration & Initialization Accessing & Traversing Arrays Array as Function Parameter Two-Dimensional Arrays (Matrices) Matrix Operations (Addition, Multiplication, Transpose) String as Char Array String Functions (strlen, strcpy, strcat, strcmp, strrev, strupr, strlwr) String Input with cin.getline() String with C++ string Class String Methods (length, substr, find, replace, erase) Palindrome & Anagram Programs

Function Declaration (Prototype) Function Definition Function Call Formal vs Actual Parameters Call by Value Call by Reference (& operator) Return Types & return Statement Default Arguments Inline Functions (inline keyword) Recursion – Base Case & Recursive Case Recursive Factorial, Fibonacci, Power Scope Rules in Functions Storage Classes (auto, register, static, extern) Function Overloading

Concept of Inheritance – Base & Derived Class Types of Inheritance (Single, Multiple, Multilevel, Hierarchical, Hybrid) Access Control in Inheritance (public, protected, private) Constructor & Destructor in Derived Class Constructor Chaining Overriding Member Functions Virtual Base Class (Diamond Problem) Abstract Classes (pure virtual functions) Aggregation vs Inheritance

Polymorphism – Compile-time vs Runtime Function Overloading Operator Overloading (Unary & Binary) Overloading << & >> Operators Virtual Functions Pure Virtual Functions Abstract Base Class Virtual Function Table (vTable) Runtime Polymorphism Examples Templates – Function Templates Class Templates STL Basics (vector, stack, queue)

File Streams (ifstream, ofstream, fstream) Opening & Closing Files File Open Modes (ios::in, ios::out, ios::app, ios::binary) Reading & Writing Text Files get() & put() Functions getline() for File Reading Sequential File Access Random File Access (seekg, seekp, tellg, tellp) Binary File Operations (read, write) Error Handling with File Streams File Pointer Manipulation

Stack – Definition, PUSH & POP Operations Stack Applications (Infix to Postfix, Balanced Parentheses) Queue – Enqueue & Dequeue Circular Queue Priority Queue Linked List – Singly Linked List Doubly Linked List Circular Linked List

Linear (Sequential) Search Binary Search (Array must be sorted) Time Complexity of Searching

Bubble Sort – Logic & Code Selection Sort – Logic & Code Insertion Sort – Logic & Code Merge Sort – Divide & Conquer Quick Sort – Pivot & Partition Time Complexity Comparison Table

Relational Database Model Primary Key, Foreign Key Entity Relationship Diagram SQL Introduction & History DDL (CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE) DML (INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE) WHERE Clause & Conditions ORDER BY, GROUP BY, HAVING SQL Aggregate Functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN) INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN String Functions in SQL (UPPER, LOWER, SUBSTRING, LENGTH) Views & their Uses Normalization: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF Transactions & ACID Properties

Boolean Algebra Basics & Axioms Boolean Laws (Identity, Null, Idempotent, Complement, Commutative, Associative, Distributive) De Morgan's Theorems Duality Principle Canonical Forms – SOP (Sum of Products) Canonical Forms – POS (Product of Sums) Minterm & Maxterm Karnaugh Map (K-Map) – 2, 3, 4 Variables K-Map Simplification (Groups of 1, 2, 4, 8) Don't Care Conditions Logic Circuit Design from Boolean Expression Converting SOP to Logic Circuit Applications of Boolean Algebra in Computer Design